|
The Mechanical Galleon is an elaborate nef or table ornament in the form of a ship, which is also an automaton and clock. It was constructed in about 1585 by Hans Schlottheim in southern Germany. It was in the possession of Augustus, Elector of Saxony (who would have been one of the model courtiers shown on the ship).〔 The model is now in the British Museum in London.〔 ==Construction== Nefs were extravagant ship-shaped table ornaments in precious metal that had been popular for some centuries among the very wealthy. Earlier types, such as the Burghley Nef, usually functioned as containers for salt, spices or other things, but the figures on deck in this example leave no room for a function of this sort. It is also mostly made of gilded brass, where earlier royal examples were usually in gold or at least silver-gilt. In the sixteenth century there was an enthusiasm for clockwork automata, the production of which was funded by potentates including Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor and Suleyman the Magnificent. One of the craftsmen who made these automata was Hans Schlottheim. This particular piece was believed to have been owned by Rudolf II in Prague〔(The robot: the life story of a technology p.27 ), Lisa Nocks, accessed July 2010〕 but recent evidence points to it having been on the inventory of the Kunstkammer of Augustus I, Elector of Saxony in Dresden in 1585.〔 Hans Schlottheim was a goldsmith and clockmaker who lived from 1547 to 1625. The important development that made these automata possible was the discovery of coiled tempered steel.〔 It was possible to store potential energy in the coiled spring steel to create a portable energy supply.〔(Spring as discussed in automaton ), Britannica.com, accessed July 2010〕 Clockwork was new and would have been regarded as "magic" in the sixteenth century.〔 The nef could be moved on wheels, which was usual; the wheels have now been removed. The hours and the quarter hours of the clock were struck using upside down bells in the crow's nests which were rung by hammers held by model seamen. There is a clock on the ship but it is small and almost lost in the detail at the base of the tallest mast. Mechanical music played accompanied by a drum on a skin hidden within the hull. Seven electors, including Augustus, Elector of Saxony,〔 walk before the seated figure of the Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor.〔 The highly prestigious prince electors of the Holy Roman Empire decided who would be enthroned as the Holy Roman Emperor.〔 Finally the ship would make noises and smoke as the cannons fired〔 and trumpets blared.〔(The art of small things ), John Mack, p70, 2007, accessed July 2010〕 It was fancied that the Mechanical Galleon "might have enlivened the dullest imperial banquets by racing along the table, guns blazing and trumpets blowing".〔 The complexity of this nef meant that Hans Schlottheim had to include three separate clockwork mechanisms. One conventionally powered the chiming clock, but also provided the power for the seven revolving electors. The music, including the drum, was powered by another motor and the third gave the ship movement. The mechanism was said to require rewinding every 24 hours. One of Schlottheim's other masterpieces was a clock which at the twelfth hour presented a mechanical nativity scene. Joseph rocked Jesus' cradle followed by the approach of the Three Kings and the shepherds. The Madonna then bowed to welcome them. At this point angels moved up and down whilst God was revealed giving a benediction. This clock is thought to have been lost during World War II.〔〔''Eastern magnificence & European ingenuity": clocks of late imperial China,'' Catherine Pagani, University of Michigan Press, 2001, p. 33.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mechanical Galleon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|